2-00 Capítulo 2: Cómo funciona el mercado de valores y por qué se mueve Ahora que conocemos algunos de los tipos básicos de inversión, podemos analizar cómo funciona realmente el mercado de valores y por qué fluctúan los precios. Para comprender los fundamentos del mercado de valores, necesitamos un breve repaso de algunos principios económicos Read More…

10-00 Chapter 10: The Investors’ Guide to Success In the last 9 Lessons we have covered lots of key topics and provided you with the wisdom of our trading experience, but keep in mind we have merely scratched the surface of a complex world. You now have the foundation to understand the vocabulary and jargon Read More…

9-00 Chapter 9: Introduction to Options Once you feel like you have a good understanding of how the stock market works and are getting comfortable trading them, understanding how to trade options is the next step in your journey. Options appear to be complicated at first glance, but with a little reading and a little Read More…

8-00 Chapter 8: Current Hot Topics in Trading In the last 5 years, many “hot topics” have been dominating the personal investing landscape. “Short Squeeze”, penny stock bubbles, cryptocurrency spikes and crashes, insider trading, and other major waves might be what first attracted your attention to investing in the first place. So far in this Read More…

7-00 Chapter 7: Technical Analysis – Common Charts and Terms There has been a long debate between technical analysis and fundamental analysis. Is technical analysis necessary? The answer is YES!! A price action is always a technical short-term decision. Not long ago, technical analysis was considered the opposite of fundamental analysis. Rather than looking at Read More…

5-00 Chapter 5: Now That I Own It, What Should I Do? By now, you should have started building your first portfolio – hopefully you were able to use a combination of “Buying what you know” and a stock screener to build a portfolio that you believe is in line with your larger investing goals. Read More…

4-00 Chapter 4: Building Your $100,000 Portfolio Now that you are familiar with some of the different order types and made a few trades of your own, it is time to start working on building a proper Portfolio. Whether your first Portfolio is $500, $25,000 or even $100,000, the same principles apply – the only Read More…

3-00 Chapter 3: Making Your First Trade Now that we covered the basics of different types of investments and why prices move, it is time to start “Learn by doing” and make your first trades. Best of all, you have your practice brokerage account to use, so you can try out your first investing strategies Read More…

2-00 Chapter 2: How the Stock Market Works and Why It Moves Now that we are introduced to some of the basic types of investments, we can look into how the stock market actually works, and why prices move. To understand the basics of the stock market, we need a quick refresher on some core Read More…

1-00 Chapter 1: Introduction To Investing Whether you have $1,000 or $1,000,000 in savings, education is the key to empowering yourself to take charge of your financial future. In this course you will learn about the different broad investment choices you have available. Specifically, you will learn how the stock market works, how to evaluate Read More…

6-00 Chapter 6: Fundamental Analysis – Understanding Earnings and Cash Flow Fundamental analysis is the process of evaluating the worthiness of a stock by looking at its basic reason for being. Is it making money now, and how likely will it continue to make money in the future? Fundamental analysis looks at a company’s financial Read More…

Investing101 Final Exam

9-11 Chapter 9 Exam

8-12 Chapter 8 Exam

7-16 Chapter 7 Exam

6-11 Chapter 6 Exam Below is a basic quote for US Steel (Ticker symbol: X) from July 2021, along with the financial statements from the years ending in December 2020 and December 2019 (so you have two years of data to compare). Many of the questions in this exam will reference these financial statements.

5-09 Chapter 5 Exam

4-08 Chapter 4 Exam

3-10 Chapter 3 Exam

2-12 Chapter 2 Exam

1-14 Chapter 1 Exam

10-06 Summary Congratulations! You made it through the basic investing course unscathed, armed, and ready to begin a long, successful investment career. You have enough information to begin with some confidence. Remember, you can test your personal investment strategy using the real world simulation. You’ll get all the excitement and results you’d achieve in the Read More…

10-05 Develop an Investing Strategy That Feels Right for You Throughout this course, we talked a lot about setting goals for yourself, the importance of diversification, and some concepts like “Swing Trading” and “Buy and Hold”. From this point forward, you need to build your own investing strategy – an approach to investing that is Read More…

10-04 Practice, Practice, Practice Every skill you will ever acquire requires a lot of practice, and investing is no different. You should have started building your practice portfolio by now as part of this course – if you have not, you have been SERIOUSLY missing out. Even after this course, there are free practice portfolios Read More…

10-03 Staying Informed Even if you start out as a “buy and hold” investor, staying informed at all times is a critical component to your investment career. Should you be tempted to walk the ever-exciting and dangerous tightrope of day trading, your stream of current information is even more important. Here are some suggestions that Read More…

10-02 Ten Mistakes to Avoid 1. Over-diversification. Sure, every expert with a pencil, computer, or microphone keeps telling you to diversify your portfolio. They are right, but they often neglect to tell you the rest. For example, assume you only have $200 to invest. You buy 40 different stocks at $5 each. Guess what? Now Read More…

10-01 Ten Keys to Remember Here are ten important things to remember as you take the next step in your investing journey. These are real world keys that you should embed into your conscious brain to help you become a consistently smart or profitable investor. 1. Understand and control the fees and costs of your Read More…

9-10 Resources Summary Options are exciting investment “vehicles,” but to be used profitably, you need to understand what they mean and what they can or cannot do for you. You have now scratched the surface of the option world. You’ve now reached a level that gives you some ammunition and skills to play the basic Read More…

9-09 Put Versus Call Interest Put and call interest does not involve the banking definition of interest, but the market excitement – or lack thereof – regarding puts or calls for a security. Before you start thinking we’ve all lost our analytical minds, try to understand that market prices for stocks and put/ The right, Read More…

9-08 Option Pricing – Black-Scholes Model Any discussion of options and option prices would be incomplete without a mention of the The most generally accepted option pricing model. Black-Scholes option pricing model. Academics Fischer Black and Myron Scholes, in a paper they authored in 1973, stated their theory that an option was implicit to the Read More…

9-07 Implied Volatility What is implied volatility?   It is the forecast of current stock price movements with the theoretical value of the market price in the future. It is determined by time, expected movements, and supply and demand. In general, implied volatility (IV) increases in bearish markets and decreases in Bullish markets. Implied volatility Read More…

9-06 Volatility Volatility is a concept that involves all types of securities. For good reasons, high volatility is most often viewed as a negative in the investment world since rapid movements in market prices inherently involve both wins and losses. In investment language, volatility implies two scary conditions for you uncertainty and risk. If you Read More…

9-05 Writing Covered/Naked Calls We noted earlier that 35% of option buyers lose money and that 65% of option sellers make money. Option trading comes down to the turtle and the hare story. Option buyers are the rabbits that are generally looking for a quick move in stock prices, and the option sellers/writers are the Read More…

9-04 Making Your First Option Trade Now that you have a high level understanding of what options are, let’s look at option trading in a little more detail. When you get a quote on a stock you can also call up its option chain: First of all, you must realize that not all stocks have Read More…

9-03 Put Options Whereas a call option gives the holder the right to buy the stock at a certain price, a put option gives the holder the right to sell the stock at a certain price. A trader that buys a The right, but not the obligation, to sell a stock at a certain price Read More…

9-02 Call Options Now you know that an option is a contract between two entities, one who buys the contract and one who agrees to sell it at a specified price. What is the transaction called when you buy an option contract to go long? You might have guessed it from the name of this Read More…

9-01 What Are Options? Have you ever wanted to buy an expensive stock like Netflix or PayPal but you can’t afford to buy 100 shares? Options give you the right to participate and have exposure in these expensive stocks, but you are not required to use that much personal capital. Generally speaking, options are used Read More…

8-11 Resources This lesson focused on hot topics in the investment world. Obviously, by the nature of discussing “hot” topics, conditions can change quickly, sometimes making hot topics cold and others newly hot. However, the issues in this lesson have been “hot” for some time and should continue to be important for the foreseeable future. Read More…

8-08 Short Squeze In 2021, a group of investors on Reddit made investing history by coordinating together to cause a mania around GameStop (GME) stock. These investors were not necessarily trying to artificially “pump up” the stock’s price, but instead believed that the price was artificially being kept down by big investing firms, and by Read More…

8-07 Insider Transactions Insider transactions and trading has become a sensitive topic in recent years. Most thoughts tend to be negative (images of Martha Stewart in prison may spring to mind), giving the impression that all insider transactions are illegal or unethical. Not true. Technically, insider transactions involve an employee of a company trading his Read More…

8-06 Growth at a Reasonable Price (GARP) During the height of the dot.com explosion, a popular strategy – growth at any price – became the rallying cry for many investors. After the bubble burst, a more conservative strategy known as growth at a reasonable price, or GARP, became and remains a popular investing action plan. Read More…

8-05 Buy and Hold “Buy and Hold” is the polar opposite strategy from day trading. Buy and Hold investors spend all of their time researching the fundamental strengths of a company, making sure it is the best at what it does and has the resources to continue to be. When they buy a stock they Read More…

8-04 Penny Stocks Penny stocks are often popular with the newer and smaller investors. These investments are classically defined as any stock that sells for less than $5.00, traded outside the major exchanges, and often traded on the OTCBB (Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board ) market or on the “Pink Sheets.” In recent years, the names “nano caps,” “micro Read More…

8-03 Swing Trading “Day Trading” we talked about in the last lesson is a full-time job, and you have to pay extremely close attention to make money. Most investors interested in profitable short-term trading use “Swing Trading” instead, which is based on price movements over a day, week, or month. Done on an intra-day basis, Read More…

8-02 Day Trading The buying and selling of investments (stocks, futures, stock options, commodities, currencies, etc.) within the same trading day, so that all positions are closed before the end of each day, is called The buying and selling investments (stocks, futures, stock options, commodities, currencies, etc.) within the same trading day, so that all Read More…

8-01 Manias, Bubbles, and Crashes All the way back in chapter 2, we talked about How The Stock Market Works, and the concept of Bull Markets and Bear Markets. Both concepts relied heavily on “Supply and Demand” – new investors increasing demand causing prices to go up, and investors selling off their shares and leaving Read More…

7-15 Resources Alright, everyone, take a deep breath and relax. You’ve just been assaulted with a lot of information. Don’t panic. As you view real-world examples of these charts, you’ll become more familiar and comfortable with their interpretations. This and other sites will give you all the additional information you need to continue your current journey Read More…

7-14 Bollinger Bands In the 1980s, John Bollinger developed a new technical analysis tool to measure the highs and lows of a security price relative to previous trade data. These “trading bands” help investors track and analyze the “bandwidth” of stock prices over a period. The object of Bollinger Bands is to identify a “relative” Read More…

7-13 Support and Resistance Support in a stock chart forms at an area where the stock’s price seems to not want to move lower. This is due to the presence of buyers at this lower target price. Support and Resistance in a stock chart forms at an area where the stock’s price seems to not Read More…

7-12 Relative Strength Index (RSI) RSI is the acronym for “Relative Strength Index.” The RSI was created in 1978 by J. Welles Wilder to compare the strength and magnitude of a stock’s gains and losses in recent time periods. The simple formula converts this winning and losing data into a number ranging from 0 to Read More…

7-11 Moving Averages The Moving Average is a line on a chart that smooths out the recent price history by calculating the average price over 30 or 60 days (or any number of days). Moving averages are among the most popular, and easy to use and understand trading “tools” available to you. Also, moving averages Read More…

7-10 Fibonacci Ratios Often called the most accomplished mathematician of the Middle Ages, Leonardo Fibonacci is best known for his “numbers”. It is a sequence starting with 0 and 1, after which every third number is the sum of the previous two numbers. A Fibonacci “sequence” is 0,1,1,2,3,5,8, etc. The Fibonacci “ratios” are 23.6%, 38.2%, Read More…

7-09 MACD This is the acronym for “The Moving Average is a line on a chart that smooths out the recent price history by calculating the average price over 30 or 60 days (or any number of days). moving average convergence/divergence.” Got it? OK, here’s the simple explanation. This graph shows the difference between a Read More…

7-08 Candlesticks Candlesticks are a type of stock chart developed and originated in 17th century Japan. It can be traced back to the world’s first rice futures exchange in the 1600s. In the mid-1700s, a Japanese man named Munehisa Honma developed a way to track the emotions of traders by looking at patterns of supply Read More…

7-07 Wedges and Flags A Wedge in the financial universe describes a triangular shape formed by the intersection of two trendlines. They come together to form an apex. The Wedge doesn’t need to be upward facing, it can also be an inverted triangle. The “falling” Wedge is often called a Flag because it looks like Read More…

7-06 Trendlines You’re probably aware that trendlines are important for your research on potential purchases or sales of securities. Base numbers are equally important to understand the true meaning of any trends you identify. Depending on the type of chart you’re viewing, you’ll want to establish a solid, unbroken trendline that graphically displays the direction Read More…

7-05 Double Bottom A Double Bottom chart will look like a “W.” It indicates that the stock hit a bottom market price, had a brief uptick, and then decreased again to turn a “V” shape into a “W.” The two reverse peaks should be around the same floor price and the time period should be Read More…

7-04 Breakouts A breakout occurs when market prices move through and continue through former highs or lows that had formed ceilings or floors in the past. Commonly called levels of “Support in a stock chart forms at an area where the stock’s price seems to not want to move lower. This is due to the Read More…

7-03 Head and Shoulders Don’t you love the terminology that pictorially associates these charts with their graphic representations? The Head and Shoulders is an extremely popular pattern among investors because it’s one of the most reliable of all chart formations. It also appears to be an easy one to spot. Novice investors often make the Read More…

7-02 Cup with Handle The Cup with a Handle pattern is one of the best-known stock chart patterns. The Cup pattern follows the outline of an inverted semi-circle (U-shape), indicating a price fall, a bottoming out, and a price rise. Afterwards, there tends to be a rather unstable period marked by a sell-off generated by Read More…

7-01 How to Read Stock Charts This chapter will expose you to the most common charts available. Their names and meanings are important to your continuing education and the number of tools you carry in your toolbox in order to evaluate stocks. Understand that it will take some time before you are comfortable reading and Read More…

6-10 Competition In the last chapter, we talked about the importance of diversification. A key to that lesson is that you should strive to have stocks across multiple industries, but also try to have more than one stock in any single industry. When you make your investments, keep in mind that companies in the same Read More…

6-09 New and Improved Products In a capitalist economy, innovation is necessary to survive. A company cannot survive by offering the same products produced the same way forever because some other company will find a way to make a better product, produce it cheaper, or both. This means that for a company to be profitable Read More…

6-08 Management A company can have the best product on the market, tons of cash in the bank, and a huge well of talented staff, and all the customer loyalty in the world – but that can all disappear in a flash with poor management at the top of the company. Likewise, a company with Read More…

6-07 Balance Sheet We mentioned earlier in this chapter that a stock’s value is based on two things: The future earnings of the company The current value of the company So far on this chapter, we have exclusively discussed the future earnings of the company. Future earnings is generally what dictates if a stock’s price Read More…

6-06 Revenue and Earnings Estimates When you’re considering buying or selling a stock, it is just as important to look at future expectations as historical performance. We can read all of the 10-Ks and 10-Qs we want; we can study the Income Statements, Cash Flow Statements, and Balance Sheets until we have them all memorized; Read More…

6-05 EPS, PE Ratios, Cash Flow per Share and ROE OK, so we have discussed sales, operating income, Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. EBITDA , and net income. Which is the best measure of a company? The answer, unfortunately, is NONE OF THE ABOVE! If Stock A and Stock B are in the Read More…

6-04 Understanding Cash Flow Statements Once you have understood a company’s profitability, take a look at the Statement of Cash Flows because this is the second most important element of Fundamental Analysis, and it frequently needs more than a casual examination. Many experts strongly contend that good cash flow is more important than earnings to Read More…

6-03 Operating Income, EBITDA and Net Income A company’s net income is one of the most critical pieces of data you can pull out of the financial statements because it is this profit that generates cash and cash drives value. A company can produce the most innovative products, be in an industry with minimal competition, Read More…

6-02 The Income Statement-An Introduction The income statement primarily focuses on the company’s revenue and expenses (what they’ve earned and what they’ve paid for) during a particular period of time.  The bottom line shows a net profit or a net loss depending on the company’s performance during that time period.  Companies may complete an income statement whenever Read More…

6-01 Information: 10-Ks, 10-Qs, and 8-Ks The first place to start analyzing a company is to go straight to the source and review the financial information that the company is publishing about itself. In previous chapters we talked about IPOs and what it takes to be a public company in the U.S. To remain a Read More…

5-07 Keep to Your Exit Strategies Rule #7 – Have an Exit Plan and Target for Every Stock Exit Strategies are designed to protect your value! Few experienced traders ever invest in any stock without having an exit strategy. In its simplest form, an exit strategy is a plan to get you out of something Read More…

5-08 Resources You’ve made your first purchases and now you have some idea what to do with them. While you’re not yet an expert, you should now have enough information to create a basic holding strategy and an exit plan. You understand that you should ride your winners and dump your losers. Having a sensible Read More…

5-06 Watch the Volume! Volume is a key indicator of a stock, second only to the bid/ask prices. We briefly mentioned volume before, but as a refresher, this is the total number of trades that have been made on this stock in the last trading day. Watching the volume of your stock can be pretty Read More…

5-05 Know When to Hold’em, Know When to Fold’em So far, we have talked about riding your winners and ruthlessly selling off your losers. Now we need to think about those pesky in-betweeners; the stocks that are not really losing your money but have not been performing very well either. Keep To Your Objectives Protecting Read More…

5-04 Diversify, Diversify and Diversify Rule #4 – Diversify, diversify, and diversify To “diversify” means to pick a variety of stocks in different industries. History shows that at different points in time different parts of the market outperform the others. At times the technology stocks perform well, sometimes it’s the banking stocks, sometimes it’s international Read More…

5-03 Never lose more than 10% Rule #3 – Never, ever, ever lose more than 10% on any single trade. We have talked about both stop and limit orders last chapter and using both to build your returns. But as an investor, always remember your #1 goal is capital preservation. Capital preservation is the concept Read More…

5-02 Don’t Fall in Love With Your Stocks Rule #2 – Don’t fall in love with your stock purchases – winners OR losers (particularly losers). This is often the biggest pitfall to new investors – holding on a stock for too long because you “like it”. You can think of this rule as kind of Read More…

5-01 Ride Your Winners Selling a stock is just as important of an investment decision as buying and you must have a strategy to maximize your profits and minimize your losses. Developing a trading strategy is important to your future investing activities. Even a flawed strategy is better than having no strategy. And trust me, Read More…

4-07 Resources It’s time to decide on how you’d like to construct your portfolio. Whether you decide to invest virtual money or real funds, you should now have a basis to create your own thoughtful plan and strategy. Using your virtual portfolio and trading ability, you can test your strategy and “tweak” it, if necessary, to Read More…

There is an astounding volume of information available from a myriad of “experts” and a plethora of websites. Most are useful to people, but you’ll decide which sources are most useful to YOU. Here is some information on a few popular sources. MSN Money: Offering you stock quotes, financial news, rumors, strategies, and blogs, MSN Read More…

4-06 Stock Screeners Now we have covered some of the concepts that fit into planning your portfolio, heard from some of the experts, and covered how to Buy What You Know. Now we need to focus on polishing off your first portfolio. After you’ve made your plan and got your eye on a few stocks, Read More…

4-05 Meet Peter Lynch Past portfolio manager of Fidelity Magellan, which became the largest mutual fund in the 1990s. Peter Lynch, another globally respected investment genius, also embodies a solid – not exotic – investing strategy. After graduating from Boston College (1965), Lynch was hired as an intern at the company that came to be Read More…

4-04 Meet Warren Buffet Investing in “what” you know based on “how much” you know can provide an excellent return and a higher level of comfort. As an example, the legendary investor Chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, and generally regarded as the greatest buy and hold investor of the last 40 years. Warren Buffet Read More…

4-03 Buying Stocks that you Know There are tens of thousands of stocks out there in the world. If you have plenty of time on your hands, you could spend all day, every day reading dozens of news sites, checking out all the latest discussion boards, watching all the investing news shows, listening to podcasts, Read More…

4-02 Measuring Risk: The Sharpe Ratio The Sharpe Ratio, named after Nobel laureate William F. Sharpe, measures the rate of return in association with the level of risk used to obtain that rate. It’s a particularly useful tool for novice investors to use as a method tracking “luck” versus “smarts.” An Example of the Sharpe Read More…

4-01 Risk, Reward, and Diversification Risk, reward, and A way of reducing the risk and variances in your portfolio returns by buying a variety of stocks across different industries, market caps, etc. diversification are the most important concepts to understand before you start your portfolio. They are factors in all investment decisions. You must learn Read More…

3-09 Resources Ok new investor, you should be ready to begin. You can now leave the bleachers, put on a uniform, cross the white lines, and play. Stay focused, positive, and realistic. You might not make the Majors right away, but you can enter the investment world armed with solid knowledge, upon which you can Read More…

3-08 Set Goals and Targets You should have a “game plan” for your investing life. Just as you plan your workday, vacation, college financing, golf matches, and other areas of your personal and professional life, you need a plan, objective, and goal for your investment activities. Spend some quality time with yourself, thinking about what Read More…

3-07 How to Record Gains and Losses Unfortunately, when it comes time to file your tax return, the IRS wants to know how much money you made or lost in your brokerage account. Your brokerage firm will even report to the IRS your total proceeds from all of your sales of stocks, but they don’t Read More…

3-06 Short Selling So far, we’ve talked about how to make your first trades – buying a stock you think will get more valuable. But what about if you are SURE a stock is about to tank? Wouldn’t it be great if you could make profit in both directions? With short selling, you can! What Read More…

3-05 Buying on Margin When you are opening a real brokerage, you will be asked if you want to open a Margin Account. Buying on margin means that you purchase securities using some of your own cash and you take a loan from your broker to complete the purchase. The collateral for the loan is Read More…

3-04 Order Terms Now that you know some of the basic order terms, you can use Limit, Stop, and Trailing Stop orders to start building your portfolio, keeping an eye out for good deals and protecting yourself against loss. But when you go to actually place your order, there is one more option that pops Read More…

3-03 Types of Orders-Market, Limit, Stop Once you have the ticker symbol for the company you wish to trade, you are ready to place your first order. Go to your virtual trading account and you’ll see several options for order type—market, limit, stop, and trailing stop. You have already found the symbol to trade “LUV” Read More…